Green Extract Research Articles

Towards a greener future: Bioactive compounds extraction from shrimp shells using eco‐friendly techniques

AbstractThis review explores the impact of green extraction techniques on the utilization of shrimp shell waste, focusing on the extraction of bioactive compounds. The purpose of this research is to assess the effectiveness of eco‐friendly extraction methods in maximizing the value of shrimp shell waste while minimizing environmental impact. Through a comprehensive analysis of recent studies, the findings reveal the significant potential of green extraction techniques, such as ultrasound‐assisted extraction and enzyme‐assisted extraction, in efficiently extracting bioactive compounds from shrimp shells. These techniques not only enhance the extraction yield but also contribute to reducing energy consumption and minimizing the use of hazardous chemicals. The review also discusses the challenges and future directions in green extraction, highlighting the need for interdisciplinary collaboration and technological innovation to further optimize extraction processes. Overall, the adoption of green extraction techniques offers promising opportunities for sustainable shrimp shell waste utilization, with potential applications in various industries such as pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and cosmetics.

Green extraction of phenolic compounds from strawberry waste based on natural deep eutectic solvents

SummaryThe increase in ecological sensitivity and the interest in ‘green chemistry’ are leading to a decrease in the use of environmentally harmful substances in chemical processes. Replacing traditional solvents with NaDES (Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents) is an excellent green alternative to extract bioactive compounds from agri‐food industry wastes, as these solvents bring numerous advantages and are environmentally friendly. In this work, the performance of traditional organic solvents and NaDES were compared for the extraction of phenolic compounds (PCs), with different physicochemical characteristics, from strawberry residues. For this reason, numerous combinations of NaDES have been evaluated, optimising the experimental conditions of the process. The samples were analysed using HPLC–MS/MS, which allowed the identification and quantification of numerous PCs in the samples. The best extraction efficiencies were obtained using choline chloride (ChCl) as hydrogen bond acceptor and lactic acid (LA) as hydrogen bond donor, in a ratio of 1:5 and containing 30% of water. Isoquercetin, hesperidin and catechin were the phenolic compounds most remarkable in samples, with a content of ca. 43%, 26% and 11% of total polyphenols, respectively. Finally, the evaluation of the method through the Analytical GREEness calculator showed how NaDES can satisfactorily replace traditional extractions with a great performance and reduced impact on the environment.

Optimization of an ultrasound‐assisted extraction method to obtain gallic acid‐rich extracts from mango seed kernels

AbstractGallic acid is a widely recognized bioactive compound that falls under the category of secondary polyphenolic metabolites and is fairly found in mango fruit waste, specifically in mango seed kernel (MSK). This study aimed to adopt a green extraction approach to extract this valuable compound via ultrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE) without using organic solvents but only water to obtain hazard‐free extracts, and the cost of extraction can be minimal. pH (2–8), solvent ratio (20–60 mL/g), temperature (30–60°C) and time (30–60 min) of extraction were the independent variables used for extraction optimization. Single‐factor experiments to obtain working ranges for selected extraction variables were carried out. A central composite design using response surface methodology was used to determine the optimum condition to obtain the maximum yield of gallic acid from MSK. The optimized extraction conditions were 3.9 pH, 36.25 mL/g solvent ratio, and 39.4°C of extraction temperature for 21.3 min. As a result, the optimized yield was 5.76 ± 0.41 mg/g, which was comparably equal to and/or better than the other solvent extraction systems. The results showed that gallic acid could efficiently be extracted via UAE under these optimal conditions. It is safer than extraction systems involving hazardous solvents that can be feasibly used for its nutraceutical and therapeutic applications.

Using Subcritical Water to Obtain Polyphenol-Rich Extracts with Antimicrobial Properties

The use of green extraction methods that meet the criteria of sustainable and environmentally friendly technologies has been increasing in recent decades due to their many benefits. In this respect, extracts obtained using subcritical water are also gaining increased attention because of their potential antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Their antimicrobial activity is mainly due to the presence of various polyphenolic compounds. Although the exact mechanism of the antibacterial action of polyphenolic compounds has not yet been fully investigated and described, polyphenols are known to affect the bacterial cell at several cellular levels; among other things, they cause changes and ruptures in the cell membranes of the bacterial cell, affect the inactivation of bacterial enzymes and damage bacterial DNA. The difference in the strength of the antimicrobial activity of the extracts is most likely a result of differences in their lipophilicity and in the number and position of hydroxyl groups and double bonds in the chemical structure of polyphenols. By changing the extraction conditions, especially the temperature, during subcritical water extraction, we affect the solubility of the compounds we want to extract. In general, as the temperature increases, the solubility of polyphenolic compounds also increases, and the reduction of the surface tension of subcritical water at higher temperatures also enables faster dissolution of polyphenolic compounds. Different bacterial strains have different sensitivity to different extracts. However, extracts obtained with subcritical water extraction demonstrate strong antimicrobial activity compared to extracts obtained with conventional methods.

Green Extraction of Phytochemicals from Fresh Vegetable Waste and Their Potential Application as Cosmeceuticals for Skin Health

The utilization of bioactive compounds from fresh produce waste, which is gaining attention in the agri-food and cosmetics industries, focuses on employing green extraction over conventional extraction methods. This emerging field addresses environmental concerns about food waste and the uses of bioactive phytochemicals for skin health. Modern green extraction methods aim to minimize the energy-intensive process and the use of harmful solvents. These techniques include ultrasound, microwave, and supercritical fluid extraction, pulsed electric field extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, and subcritical water extraction methods, which provide high efficacy in recovering bioactive phytochemicals from vegetable and root crops. The phytochemicals, such as carotenoids, polyphenols, glucosinolates, and betalains of fresh produce waste, exhibit various therapeutic properties for applications in skin health. These dietary antioxidants help to neutralize free radicals generated by UV radiation, thus preventing oxidative stress, DNA damage, and inflammation. The skin care formulations with these phytochemicals can serve as natural alternatives to synthetic antioxidants that may have toxic and carcinogenic effects. Therefore, this review aims to discuss different green extraction technologies, consumer-friendly solvents, and the beneficial skin health properties of selected phytochemicals. The review highlights recent research on major phytochemicals extracted from vegetables and root crops in relation to skin health.

Enhancing extraction of betalains from beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) using deep eutectic solvents: optimization, bioaccessibility and stability

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are the next generation of green solvents that are considered for their stability and biocompatibility. This study used 10 different DESs synthesized from choline chloride, alcohols, organic acids and sugars. Red beet betalains were extracted using three conventional solvents and DESs. Characterization experiments of DESs suggested that the electrical conductivity, pH, viscosity, water activity, density and chemical structure were greatly affected by the composition of the hydrogen bond acceptors (HBA) and hydrogen bond donors (HBD). Betacyanin, betaxanthin and total betalain contents ranges were 23.68–702.17, 21.49–467.77, and 45.17–1169.94 mg kg−1, respectively, with choline chloride (ChCl): glucose (Glu) (1:2) giving the highest values. ChCl:Glu was chosen for the optimization process considering the molar ratio (ChC = 1:Glu = 0.75–1.75), water content (15–35%) and temperature (30–60 °C) factors for the central composite design. The optimum conditions were recorded as 1:0.75 molar, 30.83% water content, and 30 °C, respectively. Under optimum conditions, the yields of betalain, betacyanin and betaxanthin were found to be 1192.17 ± 23.63, 738.83 ± 17.87, and 453.34 ± 5.93 mg kg−1, respectively. Bioaccessibility analysis and stability tests were performed on the extracts obtained under optimum conditions. Stability tests revealed that the betalains of red beetroot are less stable in the light than in the dark. Bioaccessibility values for betacyanin, betaxanthin, and betalain were found to be 44.67 ± 1.40, 75.02 ± 1.20, and 56.21 ± 1.33%, respectively. Green extraction of betalains from red beetroot using DES, such as ChCl:Glu, is promising for a strong stabilization and high bioaccessibility of betalains.Graphical

Optimization of vortex-assisted magnetic nanofluid based liquid phase microextraction for fast, green and reliable extraction of ibuprofen from real samples: Multivariate approach

In this research, the vortex-assisted magnetic nanofluid based liquid phase microextraction (VA-MNF-LPME) procedure was optimized using Box–Behnken Design (BBD) for the selective and reliable extraction of ibuprofen from aqueous solutions. Three MNFs were prepared and tested for the selective extraction of ibuprofen. Ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry (UV–Vis) was used to determine the amount of ibuprofen and measurements were made at a wavelength of 238 nm. The effects of pH, MNF volume, vortex time, volume of back extraction solvent were optimized using BBD. Separation of the MNF phase containing the ibuprofen in aqueous solution was achieved using a neodymium magnet without the need for centrifugation step. Using optimized parameters (pH = 3.4, 690 μL of MNF, 100 s vortex and 230 μL of ethanol), the detection limit and working range of the V-MNF-LPME procedure were 0.6 ng mL−1 and 2–180 ng mL−1, respectively. Relative standard deviations and recovery (for 25 ng mL−1 of ibuprofen solution, N = 5) were 2.8% and 94.1%. Key validation parameters of the method were studied in detail and calculated under optimized conditions. The VA-MNF-LPME procedure was successfully applied to some drugs, baby lettuce and grape leaf samples in ten stages with a standard-addition approach, and quantitative recoveries were obtained (91.4–98.7%).

WCN24-1200 Antioxidant effects of a mix containing Curcuma longa L. and green propolis extract on patients undergoing hemodialysis: results from a randomised clinical trial

WCN24-1200 Antioxidant effects of a mix containing Curcuma longa L. and green propolis extract on patients undergoing hemodialysis: results from a randomised clinical trial

Green solvent selection and extractin protocol for selective recovery of anti-diabetic components from T. crispa

This study systematically explores a green extraction process of T. crispa stems to selectively isolate therapeutic compounds, borapetoside C (BPC) and magnoflorine (MGF), recognized for their anti-diabetic properties. In agreement with Hansen solubility parameters prediction, H2O and EtOH were found to be suitable solvents for extraction of BPC and MGF, respectively, resulting in 33 % and 45 % extractabilities after 60 min. Further investigations demonstrated considerable increase in BPC extractability using 20 % EtOH:H2O mixture at 40 °C, with complete extraction achieved after 60 min. While for MGF, pure-EtOH at 40 °C, was the most suitable solvent, showing the highest selectivity and complete extraction after 100 min. The BPC-rich extract from 20 % EtOH:H2O exhibited higher anti-diabatic activity (IC50 = 0.63 ± 0.03 and 0.72 ± 0.04 mg/mL, respectively, for α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes inhibition activity), and considerably lower cytotoxicity to L6 and HepG2 cells, with IC50 = 0.26 ± 0.16 and 0.24 ± 0.02 mg/mL, respectively, compared with the MGF-rich extract obtained with pure-EtOH. Based on these results, a sequential extraction scheme was proposed involving initial pure-EtOH extraction to selectively and completely remove MGF, followed by extraction with a 20 % EtOH:H2O mixture to recover the remaining BPC, which was approximately 80 % of the BPC originally present. The obtained MGF-free BPC-rich extract showed significantly lower cytotoxicity (IC50 = 0.31 ± 0.06 mg/mL against L6 cell) and higher enzyme inhibition activities (IC50 = 0.53 ± 0.32 and 0.52 ± 0.02 mg/mL for α-glucosidase and α-glucosidase enzymes inhibition activity), comparable to acarbose (IC50 = 0.43 ± 0.02 and 0.83 ± 0.03 mg/mL for α-glucosidase and α-glucosidase enzymes inhibition activity), the result that potentially leads to the development of a promising industrial process to harness T. crispa for diabetes prevention and treatment.

Dedicated microwave extraction allows uniform energy distribution to efficiently solubilize Ascophyllum nodosum

Considering the current transition to biobased carbon sources and the search for viable extraction procedures, the microwave-assisted solubilization of seaweed biomass was explored. Hereto, the brown North Sea native species Ascophyllum nodosum was processed using water as green extraction solvent. Response surface methodology was used to determine the best solubilization conditions towards maximizing the solubilization efficiency and minimizing the applied energy per mass of solubilized seaweed by varying (i) temperature, (ii) time and (iii) solid to liquid ratio (S/L). It was found that a temperature of 120°C, a processing time of 15min and a 1.03 w:v S/L are most suitable to achieve the pre-set criteria. Concurrently, mass balances were developed with respect to total lipid, polysaccharide, protein, mineral and heavy metal contents. Moreover, zeta potential measurements were performed to link the obtained values and the antimicrobial characteristics of the extracts. Finally, antimicrobial tests on S. aureus and E. coli were conducted and with results indicating up to 97% inhibition of bacterial growth after 8h, antimicrobial characteristics were indeed observed.

Phase evolution mechanism exploration of vanadium slag during magnesiation roasting by atomic atmosphere method

Magnesiation roasting-acid leaching technique, whose industrial application is hindered by the unknown phase evolution mechanism during magnesiation roasting. Herein, the “atomic atmosphere” method was proposed to explore the phase evolution mechanism at the atomic scale. At the initial roasting stage, FeV2O4 transformed into Fe2O3•V2O3. Then Fe2SiO4 matrix participated in the reaction, resulting in the exposure of V-bearing crystals. The structure of Fe2SiO4 was completely destroyed at 15 min. At 30 min, all V-bearing crystals transformed into vanadate crystals. Then the vanadate crystals continued to grow and the overall vanadium extraction efficiency showed an upward trend. The vanadium atoms changed from the mixture of V4+/V5+ to V5+. At 90 min, V5+, Mg2+, Mn2+, and O2− ions combined to generate Mg2V2O7 and Mn2V2O7. The explored atomic-scale phase evolution mechanism of vanadium slag during magnesiation roasting impels the industrial application of this technique, which can boost green extraction techniques of other resources.

Healing Effect of Wistar Rat Incision Wounds on Administration of Microemulsion Combination of Green and Red Betel Leaf Extracts

One natural ingredient that has the potential to heal wounds is betel leaf. This study aimed to analyze the healing effect of Incision wounds in Wistar rats when administering a microemulsion combination of green and red betel leaf extracts. This research begins with sample collection, drying process, and extraction. The extract was then formulated into emulgel as a microemulsion in three formulations. These three formulas, along with a positive control and a negative control, were tested on each Wistar rat incision wound. The results of the research showed that emulgel formula 3, which was tested on mice, had the best ability to heal wounds for an average of 2.5 days and kept the mice's body temperature normal; 36.6oC. Formula 3 contains 5% South Kalimantan red betel, 5% South Kalimantan green betel, 5% Central Kalimantan red betel, and 5% Central Kalimantan green betel. This proves that the combination of formula 3 can heal wounds and body temperature in experimental mice. Further research is needed to find the best composition that produces faster, more complete wound healing effects and safely impacts experimental animals.

Recovery of Cembratrien-Diols from Waste Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) Flowers by Microwave-Assisted Deep Eutectic Solvent Extraction: Optimization, Separation, and In Vitro Bioactivity.

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are novel solvents with physicochemical properties similar to those of ionic liquids, and they have attracted extensive attention for the extraction of bioactive compounds from different plant materials in the context of green chemistry and sustainable development. In this study, seven DESs with different polarities were explored as green extraction solvents for cembratrien-diols (CBT-diols) from waste tobacco flowers. The best solvent, DES-3 (choline chloride: lactic acid (1:3)), which outperformed conventional solvents (methanol, ethanol, and ethyl acetate), was selected and further optimized for microwave-assisted DES extraction using the response surface methodology. The maximum yield of CBT-diols (6.23 ± 0.15 mg/g) was achieved using a microwave power of 425 W, microwave time of 32 min, solid/liquid ratio of 20 mg/mL, and microwave temperature of 40 °C. Additionally, the isolated CBT-diols exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and antitumor activity in the human liver cancer HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cell lines. This study highlights the feasibility of recovering CBT-diols from tobacco flower waste using DESs and provides opportunities for potential waste management using green technologies.

Comparison of the Antioxidant Properties of Extracts Obtained from Walnut Husks as well as the Influence of Juglone on Their Evaluation

Concern for the future of the next generation leads to the search for alternative solutions for the proper management of materials considered as useless waste. This study fits into this research trend. Its aim is to demonstrate the potential of walnut husks as a source of compounds with antioxidant properties that can be used in non-food industries. Pressurized liquid extraction, i.e., one of the modern green extraction techniques used on an industrial scale, as well as conventional extraction in Soxhlet and maceration were applied to prepare the extracts. In order to assess in depth their antioxidant activity in relation to the content of characteristic components, various activity assessment methods were used in this research. The results proved that the husk components have such antioxidant properties that they can be of interest to the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries regarding the management of this waste. The results confirmed the usefulness of assisted extraction in increasing the ecological and economic values of the proposed waste disposal. Moreover, they showed that juglonehas very weak antioxidant properties, and the antioxidant effect of the mixture containing husk extract and juglone solution is mainly additive.

Green Solvent Extraction of Antioxidants from Herbs and Agro-Food Wastes: Optimization and Capacity Determination

Herbs and agro-food wastes are rich sources of bioactive compounds vital for organisms and valuable for many fields of industry. Therefore, in this study, green deep eutectic solvents (DESs) such as choline chloride/citric acid (ChCl:CitA), glucose/citric acid (Gu:CitA), glucose/urea (Gu:U), betaine/citric acid (B:CitA), and betaine/urea (B:U) at a molar ratio of 1:1 for ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of antioxidants from four herbs (chamomile—Cha, lemon balm—LB, mint—M, and nettle—N) and two agro-food wastes (buckwheat husk—BH and chokeberry pomace—ChoP) were proposed. The antioxidant capacity (AC) of the obtained extracts was evaluated utilizing three antioxidant assays: cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC = 0.0–429.9 μmol of Trolox (TE)/g); 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS = 0.0–146.5 μmol TE/g); and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH = 11.9–170.3 μmol TE/g). The LB extracts revealed the highest CUPRAC (59.3–429.9 μmol TE/g), ABTS (30.7–144.3 μmol TE/g), and DPPH (32.6–170.3 μmol TE/g) values. Due to the lowest antioxidant potential of LB extracts prepared using ChCl:CitA (AC = 30.7–59.3 μmol TE/g) and the highest AC demonstrated by extracts based on B:U (AC = 144.3–429.9 μmol TE/g), the UAE conditions using a new DES consisting of ChCl and U were optimized by the Box–Behnken design (BBD). Effects of three independent variables, molar ratios of the ChCl and U (mol/mol), water content (%), and sonication time (t) on the AC of LB extracts were studied by response surface methodology (RSM). The results of principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) demonstrated that different DESs had great differences in the extraction of antioxidant compounds from herbs and agro-food residues.

Anisotropic Green Tide Patch Information Extraction Based on Deformable Convolution

Green tides are marine disasters caused by the explosive proliferation or high concentration of certain large algae in seawater, which causes discoloration of the water body. Accurate monitoring of its distribution area is highly important for early warning and the protection of marine ecology. However, existing deep learning methods have difficulty in effectively identifying green tides with anisotropic characteristics due to the complex and variable shapes of the patches and the wide range of scales. To address this issue, this paper presents an anisotropic green tide patch extraction network (AGE-Net) based on deformable convolution. The main structure of AGE-Net consists of stacked anisotropic feature extraction (AFEB) modules. Each AFEB module contains two branches for extracting green tide patches. The first branch consists of multiple connected dense blocks. The second branch introduces a deformable convolution module and a depth residual module based on a multiresolution feature extraction network for extracting anisotropic features of green tide patches. Finally, an irregular green tide patch feature enhancement module is used to fuse the high-level semantic features extracted from the two branches. To verify the effectiveness of the AGE-Net model, experiments were conducted on the MODIS Green Tide dataset. The results show that AGE-Net has better recognition performance, with F1-scores and IoUs reaching 0.8317 and 71.19% on multi-view test images, outperforming other comparison methods.

Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Antioxidants in Apple Pomace (var. Belorusskoje malinovoje) Using Response Surface Methodology: Scope and Opportunity to Develop as a Potential Feed Supplement or Feed Ingredient

Apple pomace represents an underexploited source of bioactive compounds. This study examines the optimization of total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant extraction yield of apple pomace (variety: Belorusskoje malinovoje) using response surface methodology. The green extraction technique used was ultrasound-assisted extraction, and it was compared with conventional solvent extraction. The impact of extraction time and amplitude of ultrasound-assisted extraction on the yield of polyphenols and antioxidants has been evaluated. Total phenolic content was determined using an established TPC assay. The antioxidant activity of the apple pomace was determined using established assays 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) and 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS•+). Furthermore, the potential of apple pomace as a feed material was explored by assessing its nutritional composition, vitamins, minerals, fatty acids, and amino acid content. The extraction of antioxidants and phenolic compounds was efficiently optimized using RSM. The optimal conditions for TPC and DPPH• analyses were achieved with an extraction time of 17.5 min and an ultrasound-assisted extraction amplitude of 20%. Optimal conditions for ABTS•+ were 5 min extraction time and 20% amplitude. Conventional and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods yielded comparable results. Moreover, apple pomace exhibits potential as a feed ingredient despite its modest protein content. This study contributes to the utilization of apple pomace by providing additional information on its antioxidant content and nutritional composition, thus contributing to its sustainable utilization in various industries, especially the livestock feed sector.

Green Extraction of Pectin from Sugar Beet Flakes and Its Application in Hydrogels and Cryogels

Sugar beet flakes, a by-product of the sugar industry, were used as a source for pectin extraction that was performed using conventional citric acid extraction (CE) and two non-conventional extraction techniques—microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and pulsed ultrasound-assisted extraction (PUAE). The influence of extraction conditions was studied for each technique based on pectin yield and galacturonic acid content, and spectroscopic, chromatographic and colorimetric methods were used for pectin characterization. Better results for pectin yield were achieved through CE (20.80%), while higher galacturonic acid content was measured in pectin extracted using PUAE (88.53 g/100 g). Pectin extracted using PUAE also presented a higher degree of methylation and acetylation. A significant increase in the molecular weight of pectin was observed for the PUAE process (7.40 × 105 g/mol) by comparison with conventional extraction (1.18 × 105 g/mol). Hydrogels and cryogels prepared with pectin from sugar beet flakes also showed differences in physicochemical parameters determined by the method of pectin extraction. Hydrogels had higher bulk density values irrespective of the pectin extraction method, and overall lower values of the textural parameters. Cryogels prepared with pectin from CE showed higher values of the textural parameters of hardness, adhesiveness, cohesiveness, gumminess and chewiness, while gels obtained with pectin from MAE and PUAE had higher thermal stability. The results of this study prove that sugar beet flakes can be considered a potential source for pectin production, and the extracted pectin is suitable for obtaining hydrogels and cryogels with physicochemical parameters comparable to the commercial citrus and apple pectin available on the market.

Encapsulation of Indicaxanthin-Rich Opuntia Green Extracts by Double Emulsions for Improved Stability and Bioaccessibility.

Opuntia ficus-indica var. Colorada fruit is an important source of indicaxanthin, a betalain with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuromodulatory potential, proven in both in vitro and in vivo models. Other betalains and phenolic compounds with bioactive activities have also been identified in Colorada fruit extracts. These compounds may degrade by their exposure to different environmental factors, so in the present research, two double emulsion systems (W1/O/W2) were elaborated using Tween 20 (TW) and sodium caseinate (SC) as surfactants to encapsulate Colorada fruit pulp extracts, with the aim of enhancing their stability during storage. Encapsulation efficiencies of up to 97.3 ± 2.7%, particle sizes between 236 ± 4 and 3373 ± 64 nm, and zeta potential values of up to ∣46.2∣ ± 0.3 mV were obtained. In addition, the evaluation of the in vitro gastro-intestinal stability and bioaccessibility of the main individual bioactives was carried out by standardized INFOGEST© protocol, obtaining the highest values for the encapsulated extract bioactives in comparison with the non-encapsulated extract (control). Especially, TW double emulsion showed bioaccessibility values of up to 82.8 ± 1.5% for the main bioactives (indicaxanthin, piscidic acid, and isorhamnetin glucoxyl-rhamnosyl-pentoside 2 (IG2)), indicating a promising potential for its use as a functional natural colorant ingredient.

Pressurized liquid extraction of glucosinolates from Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz by-products: Process optimization and biological activities of green extract

The cultivation of Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz is rapidly increasing due to oil production resulting in a substantial volume of by-products, which still have an interesting composition in secondary metabolites, especially glucosinolates. Therefore, a green extraction procedure of glucosinolates by Pressurised Liquid Extraction was developed and optimized using a chemometric approach. Furthermore, the glucosinolates were purified by solid phase extraction, and a preliminary study on bioaccessibility and bioavailability study was carried out to evaluate the resistance of the glucosinolates to the digestive process. The application of pressurised liquid extraction to the recovery of glucosinolates from camelina sativa by-product, is a green, automatic, and rapid method, representing a valid alternative to conventional extraction method to obtain ingredients for food industries.